Motors & Actuators

Servos, DC motors, stepper motors, their drivers, relay modules with 1, 2 or 4 channels, a solid state relay (SSR) and a laser module. Moving parts animate on the canvas.

Motors & Actuators

• Servo motorPWM to a pin, V+ to 5V (Pico: VBUS, ESP32: VIN), GND to GND.
• Stepper motorConnect A−, A+, B+, B− to 1B, 1A, 2A, 2B on the A4988 driver.
• A4988 stepper driverSTEP and DIR to pins, VDD to 5V (Pico: VBUS, ESP32: VIN), GND to GND. Tie RESET and SLEEP to 5V.
• Relay moduleIN to a pin, VCC to 5V (Pico: VBUS, ESP32: VIN), GND to GND. COM connects to NO when active, to NC when off.
• Relay DPDTCoil COIL1/COIL2. When active P connects to NO, when off to NC.
• 2-channel relay moduleIN1–IN2 to pins, VCC to 5V (Pico: VBUS, ESP32: VIN), GND to GND. COMn connects to NOn while the channel is active and to NCn while it is off.
• 4-channel relay moduleIN1–IN4 to pins, VCC to 5V (Pico: VBUS, ESP32: VIN), GND to GND. COMn connects to NOn while the channel is active and to NCn while it is off.
• SSR-40DA solid state relayIN+ to a digital pin, IN− to GND. While the pin is HIGH, terminals L1 and L2 are connected (for AC loads).
• L298N motor driverIN1/IN2 set the direction of motor A, ENA (PWM) sets the speed; if ENA is not wired it is treated as always on. 12V and GND to the power supply.
• DC motor+ and − to the OUT pins of an L298N driver. Rotation direction follows polarity.
• ULN2003 driverIN1–IN4 to digital pins, A–D to the 28BYJ-48 motor, VCC to 5V.
• 28BYJ-48 stepper motorConnect A–D to the A–D outputs of the ULN2003 driver. 2048 steps = 1 revolution.
• Biaxial stepperTwo bipolar steppers: A1/B1 for the outer hand, A2/B2 for the inner hand.
• Laser moduleSIG HIGH turns the laser on, GND to GND.
• Mini DC water pump+ to the supply (through a relay or driver), − to ground. Runs while + is higher than −.
• 12V solenoid door lock+ to 12V through a relay, − to ground. The lock opens while the solenoid is powered.
• 12V LED strip+ to 12V through a relay, − to ground.